FOR CENTURIES, the story of Christopher Columbus discovering America in 1492 has been ingrained in popular history. However, research by Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson suggests that the Chinese, under Admiral Zheng He, may have reached the Americas decades before Columbus. This theory challenges conventional historical narratives and raises fascinating questions about pre-Columbian global exploration. Voyage of Zheng He Gavin Menzies’ book, 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, argues that a massive Chinese fleet set sail in 1421 under Emperor Zhu Di’s orders. Led by Zheng He, a trusted eunuch admiral, this fleet was the largest of its time, with ships up to 400 feet long — far larger than the vessels used by European explorers in later centuries. The fleet’s mission was to explore, establish trade relations, and bring foreign nations into China’s tribute system. However, upon their return, they found that China had undergone a political shift. The new emperor had abandoned maritime exploration, and much of the historical record of Zheng He’s expeditions was erased. This left behind tantalising clues but no official recognition of the great voyages. According to Menzies and Hudson, Zheng He’s fleet travelled far beyond Africa, possibly reaching the Americas in the early 1420s — more than 70 years before Columbus. Evidence for a Chinese discovery of America One of the most compelling pieces of evidence supporting this theory is the collection of maps including the Pizzigano map of 1424, which depicts Caribbean islands long before Columbus’ famous voyage. How could a Venetian cartographer have mapped these islands unless someone had already explored them? Other maps, such as the Fra Mauro map of 1459, contain details of places that had supposedly not been discovered by Europeans at that time. “I find it hugely compelling that the whole world was charted with great accuracy before many of the European voyages of ‘discovery’ had taken place,” says Hudson. “How do you discover a place for which you already have a map? How could Columbus, Magellan and others be lauded as the discoverers of these far-flung lands if they had admitted to seeing them on maps in their possession? And who could have drawn those maps? Those are the questions that we are trying to answer!” Beyond maps, there is physical and cultural evidence suggesting pre-Columbian contact between China and the Americas. One of them is the Chinese DNA in Native American populations. Genetic studies have shown significant “recent” East Asian ancestry in some indigenous groups in the Americas, suggesting migration or contact via the Pacific rather than only the Bering land bridge. Next are the Chinese artefacts found in the Americas, such as the Ming-era ceramics and metal objects that have been discovered in locations such as California and Peru. One particularly intriguing find is the Baby Buddha artifact in Australia, which some researchers believe was left behind by a shipwrecked Chinese expedition. There is also the botanical evidence where crops like Asiatic rice, coconuts, and sugarcane were found in the Americas before European colonisation, suggesting early transoceanic exchange. Shipwrecks, for Hudson, are another smoking gun — the “Holy Grail for 1421”! He adds: “If we can locate a Chinese shipwreck in the New World and date it to pre-Columbian times then we have proved the theory. The problem to date has been cost — salvage of wrecks is prohibitively expensive, so we must wait until either funds are raised, or we find a wreck that isn’t buried deep under vast masses of sand, silt or water! There are plenty of them out there!” Meanwhile, accounts from early Spanish explorers from conquistadors such as Francisco Vázquez de Coronado describe encounters with indigenous people who bore striking similarities to Asian cultures. Some even recorded sightings of large ships on the west coast of North America, possibly belonging to Chinese merchants. According to Hudson, “You are clearly able to read, to this day, accounts of the conquistadores who arrived in the Americas to find proof that Chinese explorers had been there before them. “They described seeing wrecks of Chinese junks on the shores, and were taught by the native peoples that visitors from China had crossed the Pacific and traded with them in the past.” Hudson’s role in Menzies’ research Ian Hudson played a crucial role in developing the 1421 theory. After earning a degree in Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American studies from the University of Bristol, he joined Menzies’ research team. His linguistic skills were invaluable in analysing those early Spanish and Portuguese texts, which contained references to pre-Columbian exploration. Hudson contributed to multiple projects, including setting up the 1421 team of researchers, and the website www.gavinmenzies.net where researchers and history enthusiasts could share findings and discuss evidence. He also helped organise exhibitions, talks, and documentary collaborations to expand the reach of the 1421 hypothesis. He then set up the 1421 Foundation, a US-based non-profit research entity, with a view to testing and developing the hypothesis with scientific rigour. As new information emerged, Menzies and Hudson published further books, including Who Discovered America?, which explored the idea that global exploration occurred thousands of years before Zheng He’s expedition. They questioned the widely accepted Bering Strait migration theory, arguing that ancient mariners had likely used ocean currents for long-distance travel. “Our most recent book was written in the light of research which recognises that man has been using Mother Nature’s abundant provision of wind and water for much longer than we have given him credit for, using the world's oceans as transport corridors for thousands of years,” Hudson adds. “The currents in the North Pacific flow in a great loop carrying boats north from China, past Japan then swinging east past the Aleutian and Kurile islands to Alaska, and then south along the American coast to Central America. “The more we think about the Beringia theory of populating the Americas, the more ridiculous it becomes. Our conclusion was that only armchair academics could believe in the Bering Straits theory of migration. It is another story to boost the myth that trans-oceanic journeys were impossible before Columbus.” Rewriting history If Zheng He’s fleet did reach the Americas, why is this not common knowledge? The answer lies partly in Eurocentric historical narratives. For centuries, Western historians have emphasised European achievements while overlooking non-European contributions to exploration and cartography. Additionally, China’s decision to withdraw from international affairs in the mid-15th century meant that much of its maritime history was lost or deliberately erased. The 1421 hypothesis remains controversial, with some scholars questioning its claims due to the lack of concrete archaeological proof. However, discoveries such as ancient shipwrecks in the Americas and DNA evidence continue to fuel interest in the topic. Gavin Menzies and Ian Hudson’s work has encouraged a re-evaluation of how history is written. It reminds us that history is not static but an ever-evolving field where new evidence can challenge long-held beliefs. Whether or not Zheng He’s fleet truly reached America, the idea that ancient civilisations were more interconnected than previously thought is a fascinating possibility. In the end, the story of human exploration is far more complex than simple narratives of European discovery. If nothing else, the 1421 theory serves as an invitation to look beyond traditional history books and consider a world where the Chinese, and perhaps many other civilisations, explored the world long before Columbus. View the original article here. Yu Heng Wang Research and Innovation Center of Xia Culture of Eagle and Snake
Guang Bao Liu Eagle and Serpent Xia Dynasty Cultural Research & Innovation InstituteDate Written: March 18, 2022 AbstractChinese Abstract: 民间收藏的一对明代成化年制的瓷杯上,出现有南瓜釉彩花纹,经仪器鉴定是1466年,即成化二年制造。这为加文·孟席斯关于郑和船队发现美洲的理论提供了又一强有力的证据支持。 English Abstract: A pair of porcelain cups made during the reign of Cheng Hua Emperor in the Ming Dynasty in the folk collection have pumpkin glaze patterns on them, which were identified by the instrument as being made in 1466, that is, in the Second year of Cheng Hua. This provides another strong evidence support for Gavin Menzies' theory that Zheng He's fleet discovered America. Please click here to view the research paper. by Timothy James Dimacali, Ateneo de Manila University
The ancient peoples of the Philippines and of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) may have built sophisticated boats and mastered seafaring tens of thousands of years ago—millennia before Magellan, Zheng He, and even the Polynesians. In a paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science, Ateneo de Manila University researchers Riczar Fuentes and Alfred Pawlik challenge the widely-held contention that technological progress during the Paleolithic only emerged in Europe and Africa. They point out that much of ISEA was never connected to mainland Asia, neither by land bridges nor by ice sheets, yet it has yielded evidence of early human habitation. Exactly how these peoples achieved such daring ocean crossings is an enduring mystery, as organic materials like wood and fiber used for boats rarely survive in the archaeological record. But archaeological sites in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste are now providing strong evidence that ancient seafarers had a technological sophistication comparable to much later civilizations. Microscopic analysis of stone tools excavated at these sites, dating as far back as some 40,000 years ago, showed clear traces of plant processing—particularly the extraction of fibers necessary for making ropes, nets, and bindings essential for boatbuilding and open-sea fishing. Archaeological sites in Mindoro and Timor-Leste also yielded the remains of deep ocean fish such as tuna and sharks as well as fishing implements such as fishing hooks, gorges, and net weights. "The remains of large predatory pelagic fish in these sites indicate the capacity for advanced seafaring and knowledge of the seasonality and migration routes of those fish species," the researchers said in their paper. Meanwhile, the discovery of fishing implements "indicates the need for strong and well-crafted cordage for ropes and fishing lines to catch the marine fauna." This body of evidence points to the likelihood that these ancient seafarers built sophisticated boats out of organic composite materials held together with plant-based ropes and also used the same rope technology for open-sea fishing. If so, then prehistoric migrations across ISEA were not undertaken by mere passive sea drifters on flimsy bamboo rafts but by highly skilled navigators equipped with the knowledge and technology to travel vast distances and to remote islands over deep waters. Several years of fieldwork on Ilin Island, Occidental Mindoro, inspired the researchers to think of this topic and to test this hypothesis. Together with naval architects from the University of Cebu, they recently started the First Long-Distance Open-Sea Watercrafts (FLOW) Project with the aim of testing raw materials that were probably used in the past, and to design and test scaled-down seacraft models. The presence of such advanced maritime technology in prehistoric ISEA highlights the ingenuity of early Philippine peoples and their neighbors, whose boat-building knowledge likely made the region a center for technological innovations tens of thousands of years ago and laid the foundations for the maritime traditions that still thrive in the region today. More information: Riczar Fuentes et al, Testing the waters: Plant working and seafaring in Pleistocene Wallacea, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2025). Journal information: Journal of Archaeological Science By Patricia Claus in The Greek Reporter
Bronze Age Minoan ingots with unique markings that were recently discovered off the Israeli coast show vast trading links between Cyprus and Sardinia, archaeologists say. Dating back to the late Bronze age, approximately the 13th to the early 12th century BC, the ingots, with lead that had been mined in Sardinia, 2,500 km (1,550 miles) away from Cyprus, show that trade was already robust in those times. The entire Mediterranean Sea basin was characterized by complex supra-regional relations and diplomacy, with trade that flourished between the great sea-going civilizations of the Minoans and the Phoenicians among many others. The ingots were found as part of the cargo in a ship that had been wrecked off Caesarea, the ancient Mediterranean city that figured in so much ancient history, and one that was mentioned in the Bible multiple times. Haaretz reports that they have markings that consist of only one syllable — but that is enough to be identified as Cypro-Minoan script, according to Yasur-Landau, who adds that such marked Cypriot ingots have previously been found off the Israeli shore, and even at the foot of the Carmel mountain range, north of Caesarea. The ingots, found along with anchors, reveal previously unknown trading links among very distant cultures, shedding light on commercial ventures in the area as far back as 3,200 years ago, as reported by the Israel National News and the Archaeology News Network. The archaeologists believe that Cypriots clearly imported vast amounts of lead, while the Sardinians were known to use Cypriot copper. It is unknown if Cypriots imported the raw ore or metal that had already been smelted; either way, the lead would be processed once more in Cyprus and marked, or “rebranded,” as Yasur-Landau says, adding that the distinctive marks were in any case made in molten lead. Naama Yahalom-Mack, from Hebrew University of Jerusalem’s Institute of Archaeology, collaborated with Professor Yigal Erel at the University’s Institute of Earth Sciences to pin down the source of the four lead ingots. By comparing their findings to other artifacts found in and around the Mediterranean, they determined that the source of the lead was from the central Mediterranean island of Sardinia, which is west of Italy. In an amazing discovery that links the two islands, the researchers found that the four ingots are incised with Cypro-Minoan markings which, although they remain undeciphered, are known to have been used on Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age. The archaeologists say that these two facts are evidence of wide-ranging commercial ties between the two cultures in which raw materials were routinely transported through the Mediterranean. Yahalom-Mack states that this is also conclusive evidence that Cyprus played such an active role in trade that its merchants were willing to travel to, or had established multiple trading links with, Sardinia, which is located more than 2,500 km (1,550 miles) away. Cyprus imported the lead to be used in the creation of luxury goods in the late Bronze Age. Another important finding made by the researchers was that tin, a necessary ingredient in bronze itself, was likely also another trade good that was imported by Cypriot merchants. “We think that along with lead, they also imported tin — a sought-after metal in Cyprus and the surrounding area for making bronze. These three metals — copper, lead, and tin — were sold to port cities along the coastlines, including the shores of today’s Israel,” Yahalom-Mack noted. The spectacular findings, which were published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, came about as a result of Yahalom-Mack’s collaboration with Professor Assaf Yasur-Landau and Dr. Ehud Galili at the University of Haifa’s Institute for Maritime Studies. Analysis of Thutmose III’s Tomb Paintings Reveals Unprecedented Colours and Minoan Techniques2/10/2025
by Guillermo Carvajal
LBV magazine May 8, 2024 An international team of researchers has uncovered significant findings in the tomb of Thutmose III in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. The study, which began in 2018, represents an unprecedented effort to analyze the ancient wall paintings with modern technology, leading to revelations about the techniques and materials used by ancient Egyptian artists. The results have wide-reaching implications for our understanding of Egyptian art and its cultural connections. The project is a joint venture between the European Center for Archaeometry (CEA) at the University of Liège, the Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Archaeology (LAMS) at the University of Paris-Sorbonne, and the Center for Studies and Documentation of Ancient Egypt (CEDAE) under the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). By utilizing a portable laboratory, the team was able to conduct non-invasive physical-chemical analysis in situ, avoiding damage to the fragile wall paintings. The researchers employed a rigorous and systematic approach, contrasting with previous methods that were often limited to isolated analyses. This comprehensive study aimed to understand not only the pigments and binders used but also the broader cultural context and artistic techniques. David Strivay, a researcher at the University of Liège, explained, With these analyses, we hope to understand the choice and application of the pigments and binders used in these mural paintings, but also to establish comparisons with previous analyses and those we will conduct in the future. The project’s first major breakthrough came with the analysis of the tomb of Thutmose III, where researchers found an unusual combination of high-quality pigments and innovative color blends. This finding challenged existing notions about ancient Egyptian art and suggested cultural exchanges with the Minoan civilization. Catherine Defeyt, a FED-tWIN researcher at the CEA, stated, The analyses carried out during the 2024 campaign revealed an unprecedented mix of colors and high-quality pigments. This observation calls into question established knowledge about Egyptian art. Philippe Martinez, an Egyptologist at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and project leader, added, The techniques used could be the result of intense cultural exchanges with the Minoan world. The detailed study of the pigments and artistic techniques also provided insights into the symbolic significance of the colors. For example, the black lines of the oujdat eye, often used for magical and medical protection, were composed of galena, a black mineral powder also employed in ancient Egyptian makeup. This finding, along with others, indicates a complex interplay between artistic, magical, and medicinal practices in ancient Egypt. Despite logistical difficulties due to the tomb’s location and ventilation issues, the portable laboratory played a crucial role in the project’s success. The team even created a 3D model of the tomb, offering a new perspective on its architectural design. Philippe Martinez emphasized the importance of this research in enhancing our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture, stating that these discoveries could guide future restoration efforts by the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Given these fascinating revelations, a new research campaign is planned for late 2024 or early 2025, promising to uncover even more secrets hidden within the tombs of ancient Egypt. SourcesUniversity of Liège Did Chinese explorers from the Ming dynasty travel to the Americas decades before Columbus?2/10/2025
A book on Chinese history by friend of '1421', has posited that the Ming dynasty’s Treasure Fleet journeyed as far as the Americas. "On 27 and 28 of January 2024, the South China Morning Post published the articles entitled “Did Chinese explorers from the Ming dynasty travel to the Americas decades before Columbus?” and “Did Chinese Explorers land on Australia’s shores almost 200 years before Europeans?” on the findings which Dr Sheng-Wei Wang found in her new book, Chinese Global Exploration in the Pre-Columbian Era: Evidence from an Ancient World Map, called Kunyu Wanguo Quantu 《坤輿萬國全 圖/坤舆万国全图》. This is a milestone in achievement for a major newspaper with a wide audience to feature Dr Wang’s work and the field of pre-Columbian Chinese voyages. This is part of the process of decolonising our history and perceptions to open our minds to the possibility for non-European achievement. It is just as important to tell the story that has been forgotten as the story said a thousand times over, because it is still as much a part of our shared human history as any other event. For as long as we deny this truth in the face of a wave of compelling evidence, we deny ourselves our true heritage as human beings." Dr Wang and her team invite you to see the South China Morning Post articles here on the Americas and here on Australia. Happy reading! For further details visit her website.
The much-anticipated start of the extraction of the Phoenician shipwreck located in Mazarrón, Murcia, named Mazarrón 2—currently the most complete ancient ship found in the Mediterranean—has begun with a series of new discoveries that are expanding the horizons of archaeological knowledge regarding maritime trade in antiquity.
A specialized team from the University of Valencia (UV), under the direction of lead researcher Agustín Diez Castillo and with the collaboration of Carlos de Juan, director of the extraction, has launched an ambitious operation to recover the remains of the ancient shipwreck. The intervention not only promises to recover valuable archaeological pieces, but it is also revealing unexpected materials that had remained hidden under the sediments of the Mediterranean Sea until now. The team consists of a dozen experts, including three students from the UV’s Master’s Degree in Archaeology, specialized restorers, six professional divers trained in underwater archaeology, and an expert in documentation and communication from the University of Alicante. Additionally, part of this same team has participated in previous successful projects, such as the renowned ‘El Sec’ underwater project in Mallorca, which has provided the group with solid experience in handling submerged archaeological materials. To ensure the safety of both the artifacts and the team, a buoy barrier has been implemented at the base camp to mark the work area and restrict access to onlookers. This is crucial because the recovered pieces are extremely fragile due to their prolonged exposure to the marine environment. During the first weeks of September, coinciding with the tourist season, security measures were significantly intensified to prevent any incidents. To facilitate the work, the Ministry of Culture has provided a platform equipped with advanced systems, such as air compressors and water pumps that allow sediment suction underwater, as well as weights to ensure divers can work efficiently at the correct depth. One of the most significant technical innovations of this project has been the creation of 3D models of the 22 main pieces of the wreck, representing a major advance in the planning and execution of the extraction. This allows the team to anticipate any challenges and design safer solutions for handling the most fragile objects. To complement this approach, polyethylene resin molds have been made to ensure the protection of the pieces during their extraction and subsequent transfer to conservation labs. Several cutting-edge technology companies from the Valencian Community have collaborated on the development of these models, providing the project with the most advanced technology in the field of archaeology. Although the area has been previously excavated, the team has found materials that had not been documented before, which has been a pleasant surprise for the researchers. Among the most notable discoveries are fragments of ropes and ceramic pieces that had been buried under layers of sediment. The preservation of such delicate objects is a unique opportunity for scholars, as they will offer new insights into trade practices and life aboard this type of vessel in antiquity. According to the experts, the condition of some of these materials is exceptional, allowing for in-depth studies of the navigation and trade techniques of the ancient Phoenicians. According to Carlos de Juan’s estimates, it is expected that the extraction of all materials can be completed by November 6, although the work schedule may vary depending on maritime conditions, which could delay operations. Once this phase is completed, the recovered objects will be transferred to the ARQUAtec laboratory of the Ministry of Culture, where the conservation process will begin—a delicate and meticulous process that could take several years. It is estimated that at least five years of intensive treatment will be needed for the ship and associated materials to be ready for public display, as the treatment of the wood, which has been submerged for centuries, requires gradual impregnation to prevent deterioration once out of the water. The start of this project has been made possible thanks to the close collaboration between various institutions, including the Region of Murcia, the University of Valencia, and the Ministry of Culture, whose coordination has been essential in facing the many challenges posed by an operation of this magnitude and complexity. Both Agustín Diez and Carlos de Juan have emphasized that the success of the project lies in inter-institutional collaboration, a model of cooperation that will undoubtedly set a milestone in the field of underwater archaeology in Spain. SOURCESUniversitat de València Eli Wizevich
History Correspondent June 12, 2024 Archaeologists on the Greek island of Crete have uncovered a monumental ancient structure that threatens to halt progress on the construction of a new airport. The structure belonged to the Minoan civilization and was mainly used between 2000 and 1700 B.C.E., around the same time that Crete’s monumental palaces at Knossos and Phaistos were built, writes Nicholas Paphitis for the Associated Press. But unlike these palaces and other feats of Minoan architecture, the purpose of the building remains unknown, and it’s now the subject of much archaeological attention and speculation. According to a statement from the Greek Ministry of Culture, some of the 157-foot-diameter structure’s features are comparable to Minoan tombs, including its circular arrangement of stone rings and its intricate layout. But a large quantity of ancient animal bones found nearby is complicating researchers’ understanding of the site. “It may have been periodically used for possibly ritual ceremonies involving consumption of food, wine and perhaps offerings,” says the statement, per a translation by the AP. While archaeologists further excavate and study the building, which sits on top of Papoura Hill, near the town of Kastelli, they must contend with the hilltop’s future function: a planned radar station for Crete’s new international airport. Beginning in 2027, the airport will serve Heraklion, Crete’s capital and largest city, as well as a wealth of cultural and archaeological sites across the island. Eighteen million passengers are projected to use the airport annually once construction is complete, the AP reports. Tourists want to visit Crete’s well-preserved historical sites, but they need convenient, modern infrastructure to take them there. At times, rampant tourism has threatened the integrity of ancient sites in Greece, prompting the government to take protective measures, like limiting the number of visitors to the Acropolis in Athens. Per the statement, excavations in the area uncovered at least 35 other archaeological sites. As Greek authorities build Crete’s new airport and the network of roads needed to connect it with the rest of the island, they must continually strike a balance between innovation and maintaining cultural heritage. In the statement, Culture Minister Lina Mendoni describes the structure as a unique find of great interest. She says the Greek government and airport officials will explore alternative locations for the radar station to ensure the preservation of this historically significant archaeological site. “It’s possible to go ahead with the airport while granting the antiquities the protection they merit,” Mendoni adds, per the AP. Her comments offer hope that Crete’s past, present and future will once again be reconciled. What If You Could Help Rewrite History?
Imagine being part of a movement that doesn’t just study history, but reshapes it. What if your curiosity and generosity could help uncover humanity’s untold stories, challenge outdated dogmas, and reveal truths that inspire a brighter future for generations to come? This isn’t a dream - it’s what the 1421 Foundation is doing right now. And with your support, we can go even further. Those of you who read Gavin and Ian's last book, Who Discovered America? will be familiar with the once-dominant "Clovis First" theory. This theory suggested that no humans could have set foot in the Americas until 13,000 years ago, constrained by ice-bound paths across Beringia. Yet, as new evidence emerged to the contrary, opposition to new theories became fierce. The guardians of this orthodoxy resisted change with fervour, stifling discoveries and discouraging new investigation. But throughout history, it is the pioneers who’ve dared to ask bold questions and seek new answers. These are the individuals who push back against inertia, who explore new possibilities rather than clinging to old constraints. In recent years, discoveries have illuminated incredible new chapters in human history:
Each of these breakthroughs offers a glimpse into the lives and migrations of our ancestors, yet entrenched biases hinder their acceptance. What if we could change this narrative? The Power of Advocacy Archaeology The 1421 Foundation is dedicated to fostering a community of advocate archaeologists and citizen scientists - enthusiastic, like-minded individuals committed to uncovering and sharing the hidden truths of our shared past. Our mission is simple yet profound: to bring ground-breaking discoveries to light and amplify the voices of those challenging outdated orthodoxies. Together, we can empower fresh ideas, enable research into alternative theories, and spark excitement about history's mysteries. By celebrating curiosity and championing truth, we can transform our understanding of the past - and with it, our vision of the future. Be the Catalyst for Change! Should you be able to support us, on this Giving Tuesday (or indeed any other day of the week!) your donation has the power to create ripples of transformation. When you give, you’re not just supporting the 1421 Foundation — you’re joining a movement that inspires discovery and opens new horizons for humanity. Twenty years from now, you may not recall the gift you gave this year, but you will certainly remember the role you played in rewriting history. Your donation to the 1421 Foundation directly supports our mission to bring humanity's untold stories to light:
Help us tell and defend the exciting stories of new discoveries with a gift of any size. Why Your Support Matters The discoveries we support don’t just add footnotes to history—they rewrite entire chapters. They challenge biases, inspire global collaboration, and give future generations a fuller understanding of where we come from. By donating, you’re not just giving money - you’re investing in truth, curiosity, and humanity’s shared story. Donate now and join the 1421 Foundation in building a legacy that will inspire generations to come. Thank you, Ian and the 1421 Team The Great Zaire (Congo) River Expedition 50th Anniversary
An evening of celebration to mark the 50th Anniversary of the SES and John Blashford-Snell's Zaire (now Congo) River Expedition 1974 Date and Time: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 18:30 - 21:00 GMT Location: The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) 1 Kensington Gore London SW7 2AR United Kingdom |